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- "儒"的自我理解：荀子说儒的意义
- 作者： 暂无 来源： 中国高等学校学术文摘·哲学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 期刊 关键词： 荀子 儒 先秦
- 描述： 不管"儒"字在字源上的原始意义如何,从学术史的观点来看,战国时代的其他学派对"儒"的思想刻画,已经鲜明地呈现出儒家的思想特质;而战国儒学在运用"儒"字上所表达的自我理解,更突出显现了"何为儒之人格,何为儒家的学说宗旨"在当时的通行理解.尤其是,战国末期的儒学大师荀子对"儒"的理解,作为战国时代评论各家"儒"的总结性代表,集中体现了先秦儒家的自我理解和自我期许,同时也反映了儒家因应秦的统一的时代即将到来的新的追求.
- Courage in The Analects: A Genealogical Survey of the Confucian Virtue of Courage
- 作者： 暂无 来源： 中国高等学校学术文摘·哲学 年份： 2010 文献类型 ： 期刊 关键词： Yanzi's yong Zengzi's valor Zilu's great bravery Confucius'
- 描述： The different meanings of "courage" in The Analects were expressed in Confucius' remark on Zilu's bravery. The typological analysis of courage in Mencius and Xunzi focused on the shaping of the personalities of brave persons. "Great courage" and "superior courage", as the virtues of "great men" or "shi junzi 士君子 (intellectuals with noble characters)", exhibit not only the uprightness of the "internal sagacity", but also the rich implications of the "external kingship". The prototype of these brave persons could be said to be between Zengzi's courage and King Wen's courage. The discussion entered a new stage of Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming dynasties, when admiration for "Yanzi's great valor" became the key of various arguments. The order of "the three cardinal virtues" was also discussed because it concerned the relationship between "finished virtue" and "novice virtue"; hence, the virtue of courage became internalized as an essence of the internal virtuous life. At the turn of the 20th century, when China was trembling under the threat of foreign powers, intellectuals remodeled the tradition of courage by redefining "Confucius' great valor", as Liang Qichao did in representative fashion in his book Chinese Bushido. Hu Shi's Lun Ru 论儒 (On Ru) was no more than a repetition of Liang's opinion. In the theoretical structures of the modern Confucians, courage is hardly given a place. As one of the three cardinal virtues, bravery is but a concept. In a contemporary society where heroes and sages exist only in history books, do we need to talk about courage? How should it be discussed? These are questions which deserve our consideration.